Izimbangela zokukhoseliswa e-USA.
Uhulumeni we EU.SA izibonelelo ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki ezakhamuzini ngubani ongakhombisa ukuthi bayesaba ukubuyela ezweni lakubo , ngoba bane- ukwesaba okunesisekelo sokushushiswa . Izakhamizi zingaba nelungelo lokuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki uma, phambilini, kwakudingeka zishiye izwe lazo ngenxa yoshushiso.
Unyaka owodwa, ngemuva kokuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki e-United States, izakhamizi zingafaka izicelo ze- ikhadi eliluhlaza , okubanikeza ilungelo lokuhlala unomphela. Ukuthola ukuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki e-USA, isakhamuzi kufanele siqale sixhumane noMnyango Wezokufuduka ( I-USCIS ) bese uphatha i- ifomu lesicelo nabo.
Ngemuva kokubuyekeza icala lakho, uzothola isinqumo esingahle sibe simbi noma sibe sihle. Uma impendulo inguye, isakhamuzi singafaka isicelo enkantolo futhi sifakazele ukuthi zikhona izizathu zokukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki.
Enqubweni yokuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki, kuzofanele uqinisekise abezokufika noma ijaji, elisengozini enkulu, owashushiswa ngaphambi kokuya kulo msebenzi, noma onobungozi obanele bokuba omunye esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa-ke, umbiko wosongo noma woshushiso kumele uqinisekiswe ngokubhaliwe ukuze uthole ubufakazi besikhathi esizayo.
Ngokuqondene nosongo lokushushiswa, kusho ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokulimala noma ukuthumba, ukuboshwa, ukuboshwa kanye nezinsongo zokubulawa. Esinye isizathu sokucela ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki kungaba ukuxoshwa emsebenzini, ukuxoshwa esikoleni, ukulahlekelwa izindlu, enye impahla, kanye nokunye ukwephulwa kwamalungelo .
Lapho ufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki e-United States, kufanele ucacise, ufakazele umsuka woshushiso. Lo mthombo kungaba uhulumeni uqobo, amaphoyisa noma izikhulu zanoma yisiphi isigaba noma omunye umuntu osendaweni yezwe lakini. Okwesibili, kufanele uveze ukuthi uhulumeni akazange athathe zinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwakho noma, okubi nakakhulu, usizile labo ababekade bekushushisa.
Ngaphansi komthetho wabokufika wase-United States, lezi yizizathu zokufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki:
- Imibono Yezombusazwe
- Izinkolelo zenkolo
- Bangabeqembu elithile lomphakathi.
- Ubuhlanga noma ubuzwe
- Okungokwabambalwa kwezocansi.
- Izimbangela zokusiza
Ukuze uthole ukukhoseliswa e-US, uzodinga ukukhombisa ukuthi ukukhokhiswa akukhona okomuntu siqu futhi kuhlotshaniswa nenye yezinto ezifakwe kuhlu ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, amasosha empi ahlukunyezwa, ahlukunyezwa ngamasosha amadala noma isikhulu, kuzodingeka ukuthola izizathu zalokhu kungqubuzana.
1. Abantu abashushisa abanye ngezizathu zepolitiki, noma ngenxa yokuthi basenkolweni ethile, iqembu lezenhlalo, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe.
2. Abantu ababoshelwe icala.
3. Abantu abasongela i-United States uma kunesizathu esizwakalayo sokukholelwa leyo ngozi.
4. Abantu abenze ubugebengu endaweni yezwe labo bezama ukweqa umthwalo endaweni yase-United States.
5. Abantu abanokuhlala unomphela endaweni yezinye izifundazwe, ngaphandle kwezwe lendabuko, ngaphambi kokufika e-United States.
Isizathu ngasinye sokuthola ukukhoseliswa kwezepolitiki e-United States sinencazelo ethile nokuqukethwe. Ngokuvamile, sethula ukuthi yiziphi lezi zimbangela.
Imibono Yezombusazwe
Isigaba 19 se- Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu . , uqinisekisa ukuthi Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yezimvo nokuzwakalisa: leli lungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisa ulwazi nemibono nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi kungakhathalekile ukuthi uhulumeni unemingcele kangakanani. Lo mgomo uqinisekiswa yi I-Athikili 19 Yesivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Abantu Nezombusazwe .
Umfakisicelo kumele anikeze ubufakazi besaba elizwakalayo lokushushiswa ngokushumayela izinkolelo ezinjalo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi isimo seziphathimandla maqondana nenkolelo yomfakisicelo yizinkolelo ezingabekezelelani ezinikezwe zona ngumfakisicelo noma iziphathimandla zalowo ofaka isicelo, ukuthi ofake isicelo noma abanye bake baba sesimweni esifanayo, bashushiswa ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo noma bathola izinsongo ezivela kubo. izinyathelo.
Izinkolelo zenkolo
Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke 1948 Amalungelo Abantu kanye neSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Abantu Nezombusazwe sowe-1966 , umemezela ilungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo. Leli lungelo lifaka phakathi inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ukuguqula inkolo nelungelo lokusabalalisa izinkolelo zabo, ilungelo lokufundiswa ngokwenkolo, ukukhonzwa nokubekezelelwa kwemikhuba yenkolo.
Izibonelo zokushushiswa ngokwenkolo zifaka:
- ukwenqatshelwa ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlanganweni zezenkolo;
- ukwenqatshelwa kwemisebenzi yezenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi;
- ukuvimbela imfundo yezenkolo nokuqeqeshwa;
-ukubandlululwa ngenxa yenkolo ethile.
Bangabeqembu elithile lomphakathi.
Amaqembu ezenhlalo ajwayele ukuhlanganisa abantu abanemvelaphi efanayo, abanendlela yokuphila efanayo noma abanesimo senhlalo esilinganayo (abafundi, abahola impesheni, osomabhizinisi). Ukuhlukunyezwa kwalokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nokwesaba ukushushiswa, ngezinye izizathu, ezinjengobuhlanga, inkolo, kanye nemvelaphi yobuzwe.
Isigaba 2 se-1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights kushiwo imvelaphi yezwe neyenhlalo phakathi kwezinhlobo zobandlululo ezisuselwa kokufanele kuvinjelwe. Izinhlinzeko ezifanayo ziyatholakala Esivumelwaneni Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalo Namasiko kanye Nesivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Abantu Nezombusazwe, 1966.
Ubuhlanga noma ubuzwe
Vuliwe uMhlangano Wango-1951 , ukuhunyushwa kwegama ubuzwe akukhawulelwanga kumqondo we ubuzwe Kubandakanya nokubamba iqhaza kohlanga oluthile, inkolo noma iqembu lezilimi futhi kungahle kuqondane nomqondo wobuhlanga. Ngokulandelayo, ukushushiswa ngenxa yezinhlanga noma zobuzwe kuvezwa kaningi ngesimo sobutha futhi kufaka nezinyathelo ezibhekiswe kwabancane ezweni ( inkolo, ubuhlanga ).
Uma uMbuso unamaqembu athile ezinhlanga noma izilimi, akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlukanisa ukushushiswa ngenxa yezizathu zobuzwe kusuka ekushushisweni kwezinkolelo zabo zezepolitiki, ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlangano zezombusazwe nobuzwe obuthile, ngakho-ke, kuleli cala, kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngezinye zezizathu nezizathu zokushushiswa.
Abancane bezocansi
Yize umthetho uqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo nenkululeko yabesilisa nezakhamizi, amacala okudlwengulwa kwabantu abancane kwezocansi akujwayelekile. Izibonelo zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwabancane kungaba ukwamukelwa kwemithetho yokuzonda abesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ukwenziwa kobudlelwano bobulili obufanayo kube yicala, ukucwaswa emsebenzini nasemsebenzini. Isibonelo soshushiso futhi singaba ukuvinjelwa kwe Izinhlangano ze-LGBT , ukwenqatshelwa kwenkululeko yokuhlangana nokuhlangana okunokuthula.
Izimbangela zokusiza
Lesi ngesinye isizathu, kepha isinqumo esizimele ngokuphelele sokufanelekela ukungena nokuhlala e-United States. Ikhishwa ngezizathu zokusiza abantu. Isinqumo sokunikeza ilungelo lokungena e-United States sinikezwa ngunobhala we Umnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya e-United States . Ngakho-ke, isinqumo sokukhipha ilayisense kungaba ngezizathu eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha nezokusiza, kanye nezinye izimo eziphuthumayo.
Ziyini izinzuzo zokukhoseliswa?
Umuntu obhalisiwe, noma umuntu othola ukukhoseliswa, uvikelekile ekubuyiselweni ezweni lakhe lokuzalwa, egunyaziwe ukusebenza e-United States, angafaka isicelo ikhadi lokuphepha komphakathi , ungafaka isicelo semvume yokuhambela phesheya, futhi ungafaka isicelo sokuletha amalungu omndeni e-United States. Ama-Asylees nawo angafanelekela ukuthola izinzuzo ezithile, njengeMedicaid noma iRefugee Medical Assistance.
Ngemuva konyaka owodwa, i-asylee ingafaka isicelo sesimo sokuhlala unomphela ngokusemthethweni (okusho ikhadi eliluhlaza). Lapho umuntu esengumhlali unomphela, kufanele balinde iminyaka emine ukufaka isicelo sobuzwe.
Yini inqubo yesicelo sokukhoseliswa?
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko umuntu angafaka ngazo isicelo sokukhosela e-United States: inqubo ukuvuma kanye nenqubo ukuzivikela . Abafuna ukukhoseliswa abafika ethekwini lokungena lase-U.S. Noma abangena e-United States ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngokuvamile kumele bafake isicelo ngenqubo yokuzivikela yokukhosela. Zombili izinqubo zidinga ukuthi lowo ofuna ukukhoseliswa abekhona ngokomzimba e-United States.
- Ukukhoseliswa okuqinisekisiwe: Umuntu ongekho ecaleni lokususa angafaka isicelo sokuvuma ukukhoseliswa nge-United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), isigaba se UMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya ( I-DHS ) . Uma isiphathimandla sase-USCIS singasamukeli isicelo sokukhoseliswa futhi umfakisicelo engenaso isimo somthetho sokungena kwamanye amazwe, badluliselwa enkantolo yokufuduka ngenqubo yokususa, lapho bangavuselela khona isicelo sokukhoseliswa ngenqubo yokuzivikela.bese bevela phambi kwejaji labokufika.
- Ukukhoseliswa okuvikelayo: umuntu osenkambisweni yokususa angafaka isicelo sokukhosela ngokuzivikela ngokugcwalisa isicelo nejaji lezokufika eHhovisi Eliphezulu Lokubuyekezwa Kwezokufuduka ( EOIR ) eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa. Ngamanye amazwi, ukukhoseliswa kufunwa njengesivikelo ekususweni eU.S. Ngokungafani nohlelo lwenkantolo yamacala obugebengu, i-EOIR ayinikeli ummeli oqokiwe wabantu abasenkantolo yabokufika, noma bengakwazi ukugcina ummeli we-akhawunti yakho.
Unommeli noma engenawo, umuntu ofuna ukukhoseliswa unomthwalo wokufakazela ukuthi uyahlangabezana nencazelo yokubalekela. Abafuna ukukhoseliswa bavame ukunikeza ubufakazi obuningi kuzo zonke izinqubo zokuvuma nokuzivikela ezibonisa ukushushiswa okwedlule noma ukuthi banokwesaba okunesisekelo soshushiso oluzayo ezweni lakubo. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi bomuntu uqobo buvame ukubucayi ekuzimiseleni kwabo ukukhoseliswa.
Izici ezithile zivimbela ukukhoseliswa kwabantu. Ngaphandle kokukhawulelwe, abantu abangasifaki isicelo sokukhoseliswa kungakapheli unyaka owodwa bangene e-United States ngeke bakwazi ukusithola. Ngokufanayo, abafakizicelo ababeka ingozi e-United States bavinjelwe ukukhoseliswa.
Ingabe ukhona umnqamulajuqu wezicelo zokukhoseliswa?
Umuntu ngokuvamile kufanele afake isicelo sokukhoseliswa kungakapheli unyaka owodwa efikile e-United States. Iqiniso lokuthi i-DHS iyadingeka ukwazisa abafuna ukukhoseliswa ngalomnqamulajuqu kuyisihloko samacala asazolungiswa. Icala lesenzo se-class action likuphonsele inselelo ukwehluleka kukahulumeni ukuhlinzeka abafuna ukukhoseliswa isaziso esanele sonyaka owodwa kanye nenqubo efanayo yokufaka izicelo ngesikhathi.
Abafuna ukukhoseliswa kuzinqubo zokuvuma nokuzivikela babhekana nezithiyo eziningi ekuhlangabezaneni nomnqamulajuqu wonyaka owodwa. Abanye abantu babhekana nemiphumela emibi kusukela ekuboshweni kwabo noma isikhathi sokuya e-United States futhi kungenzeka bangazi ukuthi kunomnqamulajuqu.
Ngisho nalabo abaziyo umnqamulajuqu bahlangabezana nezithiyo zesistimu, njengokulibaziseka okude, okungenza kube nzima ukuthumela izicelo zabo ngesikhathi esifanele. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuphuthelwa umnqamulajuqu wonyaka owodwa ukuphela kwesizathu esenza uhulumeni asenqabe isicelo sokukhoseliswa.
Kwenzekani kulabo abafuna ukukhoseliswa abafika emngceleni wase-United States?
Izakhamizi ezihlangana noma ezibika kwisikhulu sase-U.S ethekwini lokungena noma eduze komngcele ziyalandelwa ukushesha ukuxoshwa , inqubo esheshayo egunyaza i-DHS ukuba idingise ngokushesha abantu abathile.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States ayephuli imithetho kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe ngokubuyisela abantu emazweni lapho impilo noma inkululeko yabo ingaba sengcupheni khona, ukwesaba okunokwethenjelwa nezinqubo okunengqondo kwe ukutholwa kwe- wesabe ayatholakala kwabafuna ukukhoseliswa ezinqubweni zokususa ezisheshayo.
Uvalo oluthembekile
Abantu abafakwa ezinkambisweni zokususa ezisheshayo futhi abatshela isikhulu seCustoms and Border Protection ( I-CBP ) abasaba ukushushiswa, ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukubuyela ezweni labo noma abafisa ukufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa kufanele badluliselwe kwinhlolokhono yokuhlola ukwesaba ethembekile eyenziwe. yisiphephelo.
Uma isiphathimandla sokukhosela sinquma ukuthi lowo ofuna ukukhoseliswa unokwesaba okunokwethenjelwa kokuhlushwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa, kusho ukuthi lowo muntu ukhombisile ukuthi banethuba elibonakalayo lokuthola ukufaneleka kokukhoseliswa noma okunye ukuvikelwa ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokulwa nokuhlushwa. Lowo muntu uzodluliselwa enkantolo yabokufika ukuze aqhubeke nenqubo yokuzivikela yokufuna ukukhoseliswa.
Uma isiphephelo sokukhoseliswa sinquma lowo muntu cha unokwesaba okunokwethenjelwa, kuyaxoshwa komuntu lowo. Ngaphambi kokudingiswa, lowo muntu angafaka isicelo esinqumweni esibi sokwesaba ngenqubo yokubuyekeza enciphisiwe ngaphambi kwejaji lezokufika. Uma ijaji lezokufika liguqula ukutholwa okungekuhle kokwesaba okunokwethenjelwa, lowo muntu ufakwa enkambisweni yokuqhubeka yokususa lapho umuntu angafuna khona ukuvikelwa ekususweni. Uma ijaji lezokufika liqinisekisa ukutholwa okungekuhle kwesikhulu sezokukhoseliswa, lowo muntu uzosuswa e-United States.
- Ngonyaka wezimali 2017, I-USCIS ithole ukuthi abantu abangu-60,566 babenokwesaba okunokwethenjelwa. Laba bantu, iningi labo elaboshwa phakathi nale nqubo yokuhlola, lizoba nethuba lokufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa endaweni yokuzivikela futhi lithole ukuthi liyahlangabezana nencazelo yababaleki.
- Inombolo ye- amacala okwesaba athembekile asekhuphuke kakhulu Selokhu inqubo yasetshenziswa: Ngonyaka wezimali u-2009, i-USCIS yaqeda amacala angama-5,523. Ukuqedwa kwamacala kufinyelele phezulu kakhulu ku-2016 wezimali ngo-92,071 futhi kwehla kwaba ngu-79,977 ngo-2017 wezimali.
Ukwesaba okunengqondo
Abantu abangena kabusha e-United States ngokungemthetho ngemuva kokukhishwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kokuxoshwa kanye nabangezona izakhamizi abatholwe benecala ngamacala athile baba ngaphansi kwenqubo ehlukile yokususa esheshayo ebizwa ukubuyiselwa kokuxoshwa .
Ukuvikela abafuna ukukhoseliswa ekususweni ngokufingqiwe ngaphambi kokuzwakala kwesicelo sabo sokukhosela, labo ababuyisela izinqubo zokususa abazwakalisa ukwesaba ukubuyela ezweni labo banengxoxo evamile yokwesaba nesiphephelo.
Ukukhombisa ukwesaba okunengqondo, lowo muntu kumele akhombise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ahlukunyezwe ezweni lokuxoshwa noma ashushiswe ngokobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, umbono wezepolitiki, noma ubulungu bezwe elithile. iqembu lomphakathi. Ngenkathi izinqumo zokwesaba ezinokwethenjelwa nezinengqondo zihlola amathuba okushushiswa noma okuhlukunyezwa komuntu uma edingisiwe, izinga lokwesaba elifanele liphakeme.
Uma isiphephelo sokukhoseliswa sithola ukuthi umuntu unokwesaba okunengqondo ngokushushiswa noma ngokuhlukunyezwa, bazodluliselwa enkantolo yabokufika. Umuntu unethuba lokukhombisa ijaji lezokufika ukuthi ukufanele yini ukugodla ukususwa noma ukuhlehliswa kokususwa, ukuvikelwa ekushushisweni noma ekuhlukunyezweni esikhathini esizayo. Ngenkathi ukugodla ukususwa kufana nokukhoseliswa, ezinye izidingo zinzima kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nazo futhi nosizo olunikezwayo lilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokuphawulekile, futhi ngokungafani nokukhoseliswa, ayinikezeli indlela yokuhlala ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni.
Uma isiphephelo sokukhoseliswa sinquma lowo muntu cha unokwesaba okunengqondo ukushushiswa noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuzayo, lowo muntu angadlulisela isinqumo esingalungile kwijaji lezokufika. Uma ijaji liqinisekisa ukunqunywa okungalungile kwesikhulu sokukhoseliswa, lowo muntu unikezwa izikhulu zomnyango wezokufuduka ukuze zisuswe. Kodwa-ke, uma ijaji lezokufika liguqula ukutholakala okungekuhle kwesiphephelo, lowo muntu ufakwa enkambisweni yokudingiswa lapho lowo muntu angafuna ukuvikelwa ekudingisweni.
- Ngonyaka wezimali 2017, I-USCIS ithole ukuthi abantu abangu-3,018 besaba ngokufanelekile.
Inqubo yokukhosela ithatha isikhathi esingakanani?
Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokukhoseliswa ingathatha iminyaka ukuqeda. Kwezinye izimo, umuntu angafaka isicelo futhi athole usuku lokulalelwa noma lokuxoxwa eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
- Kusukela ngoMashi 2018, bebengaphezu kuka-318,000 izicelo zokukhoseliswa ukuvuma kulindwe i-USCIS . Uhulumeni akasilinganisi isikhathi azosithatha ukuhlela inhlolokhono yokuqala yalaba abafuna ukukhoseliswa, yize ngokomlando ukubambezeleka kungaba iminyaka emine kulabo abafuna ukukhoseliswa.
- I- Ukusilela emuva ezinkantolo zabokufika e-United States lifinyelele inani ngoMashi 2018 ngamacala angaphezu kuka-690,000 avulekile okudingiswa. Ngokwesilinganiso, lezi amacala abelokhu elindile izinsuku ezingama-718 futhi yahlala ingaxazululiwe.
- Abantu abanecala lenkantolo yabokufika abagcine benikezwe usizo, njengokukhoseliswa, ngoMashi 2018 balinda ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-1 000 ngokwesilinganiso salowo mphumela. INew Jersey neCalifornia babe nezikhathi ezinde kakhulu zokulinda, ezilinganiselwa ku-1,300 izinsuku kwaze kwanikezwa usizo esimweni sokufuduka.
Abafuna ukukhoseliswa, kanye namalungu omndeni anethemba lokuzibandakanya nabo, basala bexakekile ngenkathi icala labo lisalindile. Ukubambezeleka nokubambezeleka kungadala ukuhlukaniswa isikhathi eside kwemindeni yababaleki, kushiye amalungu omndeni phesheya ezimeni eziyingozi, futhi kwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuqasha ummeli we-pro bono ngesikhathi secala lokufuna ukukhoseliswa.
Yize abafuna ukukhoseliswa bengafaka isicelo sokugunyazwa emsebenzini ngemuva kokuthi icala labo belilinde izinsuku eziyi-150, ukungaqiniseki ngekusasa labo kuvimbela ukuqashwa, imfundo namathuba okululama ekuhlukumezekeni.