Kubiza malini ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA? izindleko zokuhlola i-dna e-USA.
Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya kuqhume eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi kunezinketho eziningi ongakhetha kuzo ukuthi empeleni ayikho impendulo eyodwa kulowo mbuzo obaluleke kakhulu. Kokubili Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ethandwa kakhulu yi Ubaba kanye ne- ukhokho , ngakho-ke sizoqala ngabo bese sidlulela kwabanye.
Kubiza malini ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA?
Kubiza malini ukuhlolwa kobaba, Intengo yokuhlolwa kwe-DNA . Eyodwa Ukuhlolwa kobaba okwenziwa elabhorethri egunyaziwe, izindleko zikhona $ 130 kuya ku- $ 200 uma uqoqa i-DNA ekhaya. Uma udinga imiphumela yenkantolo, izindleko zikhona $ 300 kuye ku- $ 500 . Izindleko ze- Ukuhlolwa kweDNA ngokhokho zokhahlamba kusuka ku- $ 49 no- $ 200 noma ngaphezulu, kuya ngohlobo lolwazi olufakiwe.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi uma u-oda ikhithi yokuhlola yamahhala yokusampula ekhaya, imiphumela ngeke yamukeleke enkantolo ngoba uchwepheshe akabonanga ukuthi unikeza lawo masampuli.(lokhu kusebenza kuphela uma ubufakazi bufunwa yinkantolo)
Izindleko zokuhlolwa kobuhlobo be-DNA
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA yomama: Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya lunquma ukuthi ngabe owesifazane ohlolwayo ungumama wengane wengane ohloliwe. Imvamisa isetshenziswa ezimweni ze- ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe nokwamukelwa .
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe: $ 200- $ 450
Ukuhlolwa Kogogo Nomkhulu: Lapho ubaba osolwayo engatholakali ukuze ahlolwe, i-DNA yoyedwa noma bobabili ogogo nomkhulu kababa ihlaziywa kumama + wengane ukuthola isixhumanisi semvelo.
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe: $ 300- $ 500
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA phakathi kwezelamani: izivivinyo Izelamani ezigcwele kanye nezingane zakini zingasiza ekwakheni ubudlelwano bomfowethu / udadewabo. Ilusizo ikakhulukazi ezinhlosweni zokufuduka nezamafa.
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe: $ 300- $ 500
Ukuhlolwa koMalume-Uncle DNA: Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya luqhathanisa iDNA yengane yakubo kababa okukhulunywa ngayo neDNA yengane ukuthola ukuthi ngabe zihlobene yini nendalo.
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe: $ 300- $ 500
Isivivinyo se-DNA sokwakha kabusha umndeni: Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvivinya i-DNA yezihlobo ezahlukahlukene eziseduze ukuthola ubudlelwano begazi, imvamisa ukukhomba ubaba wengane.
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe: $ 450- $ 650
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA zygosity: Lokhu kuhlaziywa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe lamawele ayafana noma ayizelamani. Ama-70% amawele amabili amasaka amniotic ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa bangabazalwane, kepha ama-30% empeleni ayafana.
Izindleko zalesi sivivinyo cishe ziyi-: $ 250
Uhlola maliniI-DNAngobuzali?
Izindleko zokuhlolwa kobaba zizosukela ku- $ 69 ziye ku- $ 399 , kuya ngesivivinyo nelabhorethri esetshenzisiwe. Imiphumela ingatholakala ngosuku olufanayo o-oda ngalo kwezinye izimo. Izindleko zemiphumela efanayo yosuku ngu- $ 245.
Kunamalebhu ambalwa kuphela anikezela ngemiphumela yosuku olufanayo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona okuningi okuningi okunikeza imiphumela ngosuku noma ezimbili. Kubantu abaningi, lokhu kuyindlela ekhethwayo.
Amanye amalebhu ase-US angathatha kuze kube yisonto ukuhlinzeka ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kobaba. Amalebhu athatha kuze kube yisonto ukuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kobaba athambekele ekumiseni amanani ezinsizakalo zabo ngasekugcineni kwebanga.
Labo abangenasiqiniseko sokuthi bazosenza yini isivivinyo ngemuva kokuthatha amasampula bangacela ifayili le- ikhithi yokuhlolaI-DNA mahhala . Kodwa-ke, ukuthi ikhithi imahhala akusho ukuthi yonke inqubo imahhala. Ngemuva kokuthi amasampula eseqoqiwe, kufanele athunyelwe elabhorethri ukuze asetshenzwe.
Kukhona imali ekhokhwayo ekuthumeleni amasampula nezimali zokucubungula amasampula. Noma kunjalo, ikhithi yokuhlola ye-I-DNAMahhala kungaba ngumqondo omuhle uma ubaba engabaza. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi uma u-oda ikhithi yokuhlola yamahhala yokusampula ekhaya, imiphumela ngeke yamukeleke enkantolo ngoba uchwepheshe akabonanga ukuthi unikeza lawo masampuli.
Ikhithi yokuhlola ye-I-DNAmahhala noma eshibhile angaphendula imibuzo mayelana nokuba ngumzali ngaphambi kwakho unqume ukuyisa icala enkantolo inqobo nje uma unesiqiniseko sokuthi uthumela amasampula kusuka kubaba osolwayo nengane elabhorethri, nokuthi amasampula abengeke aphazanyiswe.
IsivivinyoI-DNAAmadlozi
I-ukuhlolwaI-DNAngokhokho kuyindlela ekhulayo. Ukuhlolwa kwamadlozi kungaveza izinhlobo ezimbalwa zolwazi. Uhlobo lokuqala lolwazi olwembulayo yi- imvelaphi yobuhlanga . Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi bohlanga olulodwa, kepha bese bethola ukuthi kunezinhlanga eziningi kuzakhi zazo zofuzo.
Lesi sici singabaluleka kulabo abamukelwa futhi abafuna ukufunda kabanzi ngabo. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ubuzwe kwesinye isikhathi bungenza umuntu athambekele ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinkinga zempilo noma izifo. Ukuba nalolu lwazi kungasiza kulabo abasebenza nochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ukuthola isimo.
Kwesinye isikhathi ukwazi ifayili le- imvelaphi yobuhlanga kungaba ngumthombo wokuziqhenya. Umuntu ongazi imvelaphi yabo yobuhlanga angaba nentshisekelo yokufunda ngokuthandwa kokudla nemikhuba yamasiko ehlobene nefa labo lofuzo. Ukwazi ubuhlanga bakho nakho kunganikeza lowo muntu umuzwa wokuthi uyilungu. Kungaba yindlela yokuthi umuntu abungaze ukwehluka kwakhe.
I-ukuhlolwaI-DNA yeukhokho lungaxhuma izihlobo ezikude. Labo abake basebenzisa izivivinyo zokhokho esikhathini esedlule banethuba lokuqopha imiphumela yokhokho babo.I-DNAku-database. Umuntu ohambisa isampula yalolu hlobo lokuhlola angafana ne-I-DNAnalabo asebevele bebhalisiwe ku-database.
Kwezinye izimo, umuntu angathola abazala noma izihlobo ezikude ezihlanganyelaI-DNAKuyafana. Kwezinye izimo, umuntu wokutholwa angathola abazali, ogogo nomkhulu, noma izingane zakubo ezitholwe kwenye indawo.
Uhlola maliniI-DNAngokhokho?
Uhlu lozalo lweI-GOUTUkukhetha Ukuhlola nikeza uhlu lwento ngayinye ukuhlolwa kokhokho ongathenga ku-inthanethi ukuya nayo ekhaya, futhi kukhombisa inani lohlolo ngalunye lweI-DNA.
Amanani wokuhlolwa kokhokho avela ku- $ 69 kuya ku- $ 1,399. Amanani ekugcineni aphezulu azofaka ezinye izinhlobo zobufakazi be-I-DNAezihlobene nezimpawu zempilo nezifo zofuzo. Kulabo abafuna nje ukwazi ukuthi bavelaphi, izivivinyo azibizi kakhulu.
Izinkampani eziningi ezinikeza ukuhlolwa kokhokho izohlinzeka ngemiphumela emavikini amane kuya kwayi-12 . Ezinye izinkampani e-United States zingaba nemiphumela emavikini ama-2. Intengo ayixhomeki ekutheni kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola imiphumela.
Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bafuna ukuqaphela lapho bekhetha ozakwethu bokuphila nabo, ikakhulukazi uma bevela emiphakathini ebumbene. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kulabo abangenalo ulwazi ngabazali babo begazi. Imibhangqwana ingahambisa isampula yokunquma ukuthi ihlobene kangakanani futhi izinga elingakanani. Lokhu kungavimbela imibhangqwana ekubeni nezingane ezinokukhubazeka kokuzalwa noma kungagwema amahloni okuthandana nesihlobo esiseduze.
Kunezibonelo zezithandani ezibandakanyeka kwezothando, bese kuthi ngemuva kweminyaka zithole ukuthi zihlobene ngemuva kokuba abantu ezikude nabahlobo bezinikeza imvelaphi ethile. Kulula kakhulu ukuthumela amasampuli ayohlolwaI-DNAkusenesikhathi, ukugwema izindaba ezishaqisayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lapho umuntu ekhetha ukuhlolwa kwe-I-DNA yeUkhokho, ngokuya ngesivivinyo osikhethayo, ungathola ukuhlolwa okuphelele kobuhlanga bakho noma ukuhlaziywa kohlu lwakho lwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa kuphela abangathola ulwazi ngohlu lozalo lwabo besilisa, ngoba abesilisa kuphela abaphatha i-Y chromosome esetshenziselwa ukulandelela ukhokho lobaba.
Abesifazane basengathola ukuqonda okukhulu ngomlando womndeni wabo ngokuhlolwa kokhokho, futhi bangacela umfowabo noma ubaba wabo ukuthi enze isivivinyo sokhokho ukuthola isithombe esiphelele ngohlu lwabo lozalo lwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Imiphumela kwesinye isikhathi inikezwa ngesimo sokulandisa okungokomlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mibiko izonikela ngolwazi lokuthi bangaki abantu abanezimpawu ezifanayo zofuzo nokuthi zisatshalaliswa kanjani ngokwendawo.
Kwabanye abantu, ukusatshalaliswa komaka baboI-DNAkunganikeza umkhondo ngemvelaphi yokhokho bakho abakude. Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi le mibiko ingaphikisa noma isekele umlando womlomo ohlinzekwe izizukulwane ezindala emindenini yazo.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-I-DNAempilweni.
Kubantu abaningi,iukuhlolwaI-DNAkwezempilo kufanelekile. Kunezizathu eziningi zokuhlola izinkinga zezempilo zofuzo. Esinye isizathu ukuthi unikeze odokotela isithombe esiphelele ngokwengeziwe ngempilo yakho, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi yokudlulisela isimo ezinganeni zakho.
UTay Sachs, isifo sikaHuntington, i-sickle cell anemia, i-cystic fibrosis, ne-Down syndrome yizibonelo zezifo ezinjalo. . Eziningi zalezi zifo zizobonakala lapho kuzalwa noma ngemuva nje kwalokho. Ngayinye yalezi, ngaphandle kwesifo sikaHuntington, izodinga ukungenelela kwezokwelapha kusukela lapho izalwa noma phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa okuqala okuphila.
I- isifo sika-huntington kuthinta abantu abadala besebusheni. Amalungu omndeni ngokuvamile ayawazi amandla okuthuthukisa lesi sifo, ngokuya ngomlando wezokwelapha wezizukulwane ezedlule. Ingane ngayinye yomzali enofuzo lukaHuntington inamathuba angama-50% okuthola lesi sifo.
Uma ingane ingalutholi ufuzo, izingane zabo ngeke. Lokhu kungaba kubalulekile kulabo ababheka izingane noma labo abangenawo umlando womndeni webhayoloji ngenxa yokutholwa.
Imindeni eminingi ikhetha ukuthi ihlolwe izingane zayo lapho kutholakala ukuthi umzali unalesi sifo. I-Huntington ayithinti izingane ezisencane, kepha kuyenzeka. Noma yisiphi isifo esithintwe wufuzo saziwa ukuthi sande kakhulu ngama-100%, njengoba labo abathola isakhi sofuzo esihambisana nalesosimo ekugcineni beyohlupheka naso.
Ngoba eziningi zalezi zifo zidinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kwezokwelashwa, imindeni ingahle ihlelele okwehlukile ikusasa uma yazi ngaphambili. Ukuhlelela kusengaphambili kungavumela ukucatshangelwa kwezezimali nokunakekelwa.
Izifo eziningi zingaba ngumphumela wenhlanganisela yezakhi zofuzo, indlela yokuphila, nokuziphatha. Uhlobo lwesibili sikashukela lungenye yazo. Ngenkathi ukuhlala phansi kokudla nokungondleki kahle kunomthelela, kunabantu abakhuthele abadla okunempilo futhi abaphethwe yisifo sikashukela sohlobo II. Ukwazi kusengaphambili ukuthi umuntu unezimpawu zofuzo zalesi sifo kungasiza umuntu anqume ukuthi uzophila kanjani.
Isibonelo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqapha ezengeziwe ngokukhetha ukudla nokugcina isisindo esinempilo kungaba yinto ephambili. Odokotela abaziyo ngemikhuba yofuzo emndenini bangasiza neziguli ukuthi zigcine izindlela zokuphila ezinempilo. Ukutholwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nokwenziwa kohlelo lokwenziwa kaningi kungenza umehluko esikhathini sokuphila kanye nekhwalithi yempilo yalaba bantu.
Uhlola maliniI-DNAempilweni?
I-ukuhlolwa kwe-I-DNAOkwezempilo kanye nezifo zofuzo ngaphambilini bekungavunyelwe kubantu abaningi. Manje, abantu abafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani bengaba sengozini bangakwenza lokho ngokungabizi.
Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo kungabiza okungaphansi kwe- $ 96 noma okungama- $ 500 nje kuphela , kuya ngesilinganiso sezivivinyo kanye nelabhorethri ekhethiwe. Abanye abantu bangafuna isivivinyo se-I-DNAyokudla nokuqina, ehlanganisa amasethi ahlukene wokumaka kofuzo nezinqubo ezinjenge-metabolism.
Lezi zimaki zibalulekile kubasubathi abafuna ukwenza ngcono ukuqeqeshwa, ukondleka komzimba, ukuqina, nokululama. Imibiko egxile kwimetabolism ingakusiza ukuthi wakhe amapulani wokuzivocavoca okwenzelwe wena akusiza ukuthi ufinyelele emazingeni afanele. Futhi zingasiza ukuvimbela ukulimala ngezinhlelo zokuphumula ezifanele.
I-ukuhlolwa kwe-I-DNAakuzona ezabo bonke abantu. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukuziphathela izinto ngezandla. Ngezizathu zokuba ngumzali, ukwazi ngokushesha kungcono kunangesikhathi esizayo. Ngezinkinga ezihlobene nokhokho, abantu bangafuna ukuthola ukuxhumana kwemindeni yabo noma iqembu lesizwe, ukuthola umbono wokuthi bangobani.
Ukuhlolwa kwezempilo kungabalulekile kulabo abangenawo umlando wezempilo womndeni noma abafuna ukuthuthukisa impilo yabo yomzimba nokuqina kwabo.I-ukuhlolwaI-DNAkuyabiza kubantu abaningi, noma ngabe banasizathu sini.
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