Ububi be-geothermal
Amandla we-geothermal (ukushisa kwe-geothermal) kushiwo njengenye indlela eqhubekayo yegesi yemvelo. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Isibonelo, ingabe imithombo yethu yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ivikelwe kahle kule misebenzi yenhlabathi ethuthukayo? Ubuhle nobubi bamandla we-geothermal nokushisa kwe-geothermal.
Kuyini ngempela ukushisa komhlaba?
Amandla we-geothermal igama lesayensi lokushisa komhlaba. Umahluko wenziwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili: amandla angajulile we-geothermal (phakathi kuka-0 - 300 wamamitha) namandla ajulile e-geothermal (kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-2500 emhlabathini).
Kuyini ukushisa komhlaba okungajulile?
UNiels Hartog, umcwaningi ku-KWR Watercycle Research: Amandla angajulile we-geothermal aqukethe amasistimu agcina ukushisa kwesizini nokubanda, njengezinhlelo zokushintsha ukushisa kwenhlabathi kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa nokubanda (WKO). Ehlobo, amanzi ashisayo avela endaweni engaphansi egcinwe ukufudumeza ebusika, ebusika amanzi abandayo agcinelwa ukupholisa ehlobo. Lezi zinhlelo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nasezindaweni zokuhlala.
Yiziphi izinhlelo 'ezivulekile' futhi 'ezivaliwe'?
I-Hartog: Isistimu yokushintsha ukushisa engezansi uhlelo oluvaliwe. Yilapho amandla okushisa ashintshaniswa phezu kodonga lwepayipi emhlabathini. E-WKO, amanzi ashisayo nabandayo ayaqhutshwa futhi agcinwe emhlabathini. Ngoba amanzi asebenzayo afakwa lapha nangaphandle kwezingqimba zesihlabathi angene enhlabathini, lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi izinhlelo ezivulekile.
Uyini amandla ajulile okushisa okushisa phansi?
Ngamandla ajulile okushisa komhlaba, kukhishwa ipompo enamanzi ezingeni lokushisa lama-degree angama-80 kuya kwangama-90 enhlabathini. Kufudumele ku-subsurface ejulile, yingakho igama elithi geothermal. Lokho kungenzeka unyaka wonke, ngoba izinkathi zonyaka azinalo ithonya ekushiseni kwe-subsurface ejulile. I-greenhouse horticulture yaqala ngalokhu eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule. Manje sekuya ngokuya kubhekwe ukuthi amandla ajulile e-geothermal angasetshenziswa kanjani ezindaweni ezinabantu njengenye igesi.
Amandla we-geothermal ajulile akhulunywa njengenye indlela kunegesi
Ingabe kungumthombo wamandla ongapheli?
Amandla e-geothermal ajulile ngokwencazelo awumthombo wamandla angenamkhawulo. Ukushisa kuyasuswa emhlabathini futhi lokhu kuyanezelwa kancane isikhathi ngasinye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlelo lungahle lungasebenzi kahle. Mayelana nokukhishwa kwe-CO2, kusimama kakhulu kunokusebenzisa okokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
Ukushisa kwe-geothermal: izinzuzo
- Umthombo wamandla osimeme
- Akukho ukukhishwa kwe-CO2
Ukushisa komhlaba: ukungalungi
- Izindleko zokwakha eziphezulu
- Ingozi encane yokuzamazama komhlaba
- Izingozi zokungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba
Uyini umthelela wamandla okushisa phansi ekuphatheni kwamanzi okuphuza?
Izimpahla zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi okuphuza zitholakala ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angama-320 enhlabathini. Lezi zitoko zivikelwe ungqimba lobumba olujulile ngamashumi amamitha. Emikhubeni ye-geothermal, amanzi (angasetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi okuphuza) asuswa noma iziphuzo zifakwa emhlabathini.
Kulezi zinhlelo, ukubhola kuyadingeka enhlabathini. Njengoba imisebenzi ye-geothermal ivame ukwenzeka ngamakhulu amamitha, kungahle kudingeke ukubhoboza amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Embikweni we-2016 KWR, uHartog wabeka izingozi eziningana ekuhlinzekelweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba:
I-geothermal: izingozi ezintathu zamanzi okuphuza
Ingozi 1: Ukubhola akuhambi kahle
Ukumba amaphakheji wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngokufaka uphawu okwanele kwezendlalelo kungahle kungcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukubhola udaka ngezinto ezingase zingcoliswe nakho kungangena engxenyeni ethwala amanzi (i-aquifer) noma amaphakheji wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Futhi ukungcoliswa endaweni engezansi komhlaba kungagcina kungaphansi kwalesi sendlalelo ngokungena kungqimba oluvikelayo.
Ingozi 2: Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lehla ngenxa yokushisa okusalile
Izinga lokukhishwa kokushisa emthonjeni lingaholela ekuguqulweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungenzeka angafudumele kunama-degree angama-25. Yiziphi izinguquko zekhwalithi ezingenzeka ezingaziwa futhi mhlawumbe ezincike kakhulu endaweni.
Ingozi 3: Ukungcola okuvela emithonjeni endala kawoyela negesi
Ukusondela emithonjeni endala ka-oyela negesi eshiyiwe eduze komjovo womjovo wezinhlelo ze-geothermal kuholela engcupheni yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Kungenzeka ukuthi imithombo emidala yonakele noma ivalekile ngokwanele. Lokhu kuvumela ukwakheka kwamanzi okuphuma echibini le-geothermal ukuthi kukhuphuke ngomthombo wakudala kuphele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngalo lonke uhlobo lwe-geothermal kunezingozi zemithombo yamanzi okuphuza
I-geothermal: hhayi ezindaweni zamanzi okuphuza
Ngamandla ajulile okushisa phansi kepha futhi ngezinhlelo ezishisayo ezishisayo ngakho-ke kukhona ubungozi bokuphakelwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba esiwasebenzisayo njengomthombo wamanzi okuphuza. Izinkampani zamanzi okuphuza, kepha ne-SSM (State Supervision of Mines) ngakho-ke zigxeka imisebenzi yezimayini njengamandla adonsela phansi e-geothermal kuzo zonke izindawo ezikhipha amanzi okuphuza kanye nezindawo ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izifundazwe ngakho-ke ziye zakhipha ngaphandle amandla kagesi ashisayo nawokuphela komhlaba ezindaweni zokuvikela kanye nezindawo ezingenasicefe ezizungeze izindawo ezikhona zokukhipha. Uhulumeni omaphakathi usemukele lokhu kushiywa kwamandla afuthisa phansi ezindaweni zamanzi okuphuza ku (umbono) weSakhiwo Sombono Wendawo.
Imithetho ecacile nezidingo eziqinile ziyadingeka
Ukuze uthole amandla angajulile we-geothermal, okungukuthi amasistimu wokugcina okushisa, imithetho ecacile kanye nezidingo eziqinile zemvume yezinhlelo zokushisa kwe-geothermal kuyasetshenzwa. I-Hartog: Ngaleyo ndlela uvimbela ama-cowboy ukuthi angene emakethe futhi unikeza izinkampani ezinhle ithuba lokwakha uhlelo oluthembekile noluphephile kwenye indawo, ngokubonisana nesifundazwe kanye nenkampani yamanzi okuphuza yendawo.
‘Isiko lezokuphepha liyinkinga’
Kepha ngamandla ajulile okushisa phansi ayikho imithetho ecacile okwamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zamanzi okuphuza zikhathazekile ngesiko lokuphepha emkhakheni we-geothermal. Ngokombiko ovela kwi-SSM, lokhu akukuhle futhi akugxilwa kakhulu kwezokuphepha, kepha kunokonga izindleko.
Akucacisiwe ukuthi ukuqapha kufanele kuhlelwe kanjani
‘Ukuqapha akuhleliwe kahle’
Imayelana nokuthi wenza kanjani imishini yokwakha nokumba kahle, kusho uHartog. Imayelana nokuthi ubhola kuphi, ubhola kanjani nokuthi uwuvalela kanjani umgodi. Izinto zemithombo kanye nenani lezindonga nakho kubalulekile. Uhlelo kumele lungabi namanzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokusho kwabagxeki, lokhu kuyinkinga impela. Ukwenza amandla we-geothermal ngokuphepha, kudingeka ukuqapha okuhle ukuze noma yiziphi izinkinga zitholakale futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ngokushesha uma izinto zingahambi kahle. Kodwa-ke, imithetho ayicacisi ukuthi ukuqapha okunjalo kufanele kuhlelwe kanjani.
Ngabe amandla 'aphephile' okushisa komhlaba kungenzeka?
Impela, kusho uHartog. Akuyona indaba eyodwa noma enye, ikakhulukazi ukuthi uyenza kanjani. Kubalulekile ukufaka izinkampani zamanzi okuphuza entuthukweni. Banolwazi oluningi ngomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke bazi kahle ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe kahle amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ukubambisana kwezifundazwe
Ezindaweni eziningi, isiFundazwe, izinkampani zamanzi okuphuza kanye nabakhiqizi bamandla afudumeza ugesi oshisa kakhulu ngokushisa komhlaba sebesebenzisana kakhulu kwizivumelwano ezinhle. Isibonelo, ‘isivumelwano esiluhlaza’ sesiphothuliwe eNoord-Brabant esho, phakathi kokunye, lapho imisebenzi yomshoshaphansi ingenzeka futhi ingenzeki. Kukhona ukubambisana okufanayo eGelderland.
‘Sisebenza ndawonye ngekhambi’
Ngokusho kukaHartog, ayikho enye indlela ngaphandle kokubambisana okuhle phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlaka ezithintekayo. Sifuna ukususa igesi, sikhiqize amandla asimeme futhi ngasikhathi sinye sibe namanzi ompompi asezingeni eliphakeme futhi angabizi kakhulu. Lokho kungenzeka, kepha lapho-ke kufanele sibambisane ngokwakhayo hhayi ukuhlanganyela emzabalazweni wokubambisana. Lokho kuyaphikisana. Ohlelweni olusha locwaningo manje sesibheka ukuthi ulwazi lwamanzi lungasetshenziswa kanjani emkhakheni wonke emnothweni oyindilinga.
Ukukhula okusheshayo
Ukuguqulwa kwegesi namandla eNetherlands njengamanje kuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngezinhlelo ezingajulile ezivulekile zomkhathi, ukukhula okukhulu kubikezelwa: njengamanje kunezinhlelo zamandla womhlabathi ezivulekile ezingama-3,000, ngonyaka ka-2023 kumele kube nezingu-8,000. Ukuthi kufanele baye kuphi namanje akukaziwa. Kudingeka nezinye izindawo zokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze kutholakale amanzi okuphuza esikhathini esizayo okumele aqokwe. Izifundazwe nezinkampani zamanzi okuphuza ngakho-ke ziyaphenya ukuthi zombili izimangalo zasemkhathini zingafezeka kanjani. Ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi kuyisiqalo.
Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kuyadingeka
Ngokusho kukaHartog, ulwazi olutholakele eminyakeni yamuva kanye nezivumelwano ezenziwe seludale uhlobo lohlelo lukazwelonke. Bese ubheka izidingo ezithile zesistimu ye-geothermal yendawo ngayinye. I-substrate yehlukile yonke indawo futhi izingqimba zobumba ziyehluka ngosayizi.
Iyasimama, kepha hhayi ngaphandle kwengozi
Ekugcineni, uHartog ugcizelela ukuthi akufanele sivale amehlo ethu kwimiphumela emibi engaba khona emvelweni. Ngivame ukukuqhathanisa nokuphakama kwemoto kagesi: intuthuko esimeme, kepha usengashaya umuntu ngayo. Ngamafuphi, lokho kuthuthukiswa ngomqondo obanzi futhi esikhathini eside kuyinto enhle akusho ukuthi azikho izingozi.
Okuqukethwe
- Ububi be-geothermal
- Kuyini ngempela ukushisa komhlaba?
- Kuyini ukushisa komhlaba okungajulile?
- Yiziphi izinhlelo 'ezivulekile' futhi 'ezivaliwe'?
- Uyini amandla ajulile okushisa okushisa phansi?
- Ingabe kungumthombo wamandla ongapheli?
- Ukushisa kwe-geothermal: izinzuzo
- Ukushisa komhlaba: ukungalungi
- Uyini umthelela wamandla okushisa phansi ekuphatheni kwamanzi okuphuza?
- I-geothermal: izingozi ezintathu zamanzi okuphuza
- Ingozi 1: Ukubhola akuhambi kahle
- Ingozi 2: Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lehla ngenxa yokushisa okusalile
- Ingozi 3: Ukungcola okuvela emithonjeni endala kawoyela negesi
- I-geothermal: hhayi ezindaweni zamanzi okuphuza
- Imithetho ecacile nezidingo eziqinile ziyadingeka
- ‘Isiko lezokuphepha liyinkinga’
- ‘Ukuqapha akuhleliwe kahle’
- Ngabe amandla 'aphephile' okushisa komhlaba kungenzeka?
- Ukubambisana kwezifundazwe
- ‘Sisebenza ndawonye ngekhambi’
- Ukukhula okusheshayo
- Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kuyadingeka
- Iyasimama, kepha hhayi ngaphandle kwengozi