AmaJuda yisizwe esidala kakhulu esinezibongo ezingajwayelekile, ezinama-sonorous, nezingoma. Lesi yisizwe esingajwayelekile ezicini zonke, esihluke kakhulu kumaSlav. Akukho okuhlukile nezibongo zamaJuda. Ngemuva kwalokho ahlukile njengoba abunjwe - imininingwane engezansi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemvelaphi nokubaluleka kwezibongo zamaJuda
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenkathi kuzalwa abantu abangamaJuda ukhokho wabo kwakunguJakobe (owagcina eseba ngu-Israyeli), akekho noyedwa owasebenzisa isibongo. Babengekho nje. Igama lomuntu lalihlala lisetshenziselwa ukukhomba lowo muntu, uma kunesidingo kwakukhona ukucaciselwa: i-patronymic yanezelwa egameni. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inani labantu lakhula, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amaJuda abhekana nezinkinga zokuhlonza ezifanayo nezinye izizwe.
AmaJuda awazange ahlukanise abantu ngesibongo, kodwa babekwazi ukukhomba ngezizwe zabo.
Kunezizwe eziyi-12 kwa-Israyeli, ngokwenani lamadodana kaJakobe (u-Israyeli), aqanjwe ngalesi sakamuva.
- UJuda;
- USimeyoni;
- ULevi;
- URubeni;
- Kunokuthi;
- UBenjamin;
- UNafetali;
- Kwa-Asheri;
- UGadi;
- Isahar;
- UZebuloni;
- USimeyoni.
Lokho kungokwedolo elithile futhi nezimpawu ezijwayelekile ziyanqunywa. Namuhla kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela uhlu lozimele wombuso wakwa-Israyeli ukuthola ukuthi yisiphi isizwe. Kepha namuhla wonke amaJuda anamagama awo. Ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yokuzulazula kanye nokuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwejoka lezinye izizwe, amaJuda aboleka amasiko amaningi kuma-goyim (amaqaba).
Ngenxa yokuhambahamba isikhathi eside, amaJuda aboleka isiko lokuthola isibongo. Baqala ukubabela wonke umfana noma owesilisa futhi wanikeza unkosikazi wakhe nezingane ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Izibongo ezidumile zamaJuda zakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- amagama abazali;
- ubungcweti;
- indawo yokuhlala
- babe besizwe esithile;
- imisebenzi yangaphandle.
Isexwayiso! Izwe lakwa-Israyeli alizange libuyiselwe kuze kube ngo-1948 nangaphambi kwalokho wonke amaJuda ahlakazeka emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu futhi kwaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwezibongo kanye izici zabo, kucatshangelwa indawo yokuhlala yomndeni ngamunye kanye nomndeni ngamunye.
Izibongo ezinhle zamaJuda zamantombazane
Izibongo zamaJuda azidumile kwa-Israyeli kuphela. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu bahlakazekile emhlabeni wonke, ungahlangana nabamele bayo yonke indawo. Njengomthetho, umsindo nokubiza amagama kunganquma ukuthi igama livela kumvelaphi yamaJuda.
Izibongo ezinhle zamaJuda ezinencazelo emfushane yezincazelo ezifanele amantombazane nabesifazane zichazwe ngezansi.
- U-Eisenberg - igama elenziwa ngekhulu le-17-18. Ekuhumusheni ngokoqobo - Intaba yensimbi.
- I-Altzitzer - isho isivakashi esivamile, esivame kakhulu.
- UBil, uBilman, uBilberg amagama okugcina atholakala egameni lesifazane elithi Bail (Beila ekubhalweni kweYiddish).
- Okungenalutho - kunemvelaphi yamaJalimane. Ngokwezwi nezwi lisho i-crystal ecacile, emhlophe njengeqhwa.
- U-Weigelman yisibongo esivele okokuqala kumthengisi womkhiqizo wokubhaka, ngokusho kokuhumusha okungokoqobo.
- UWeizmann ungumhwebi kakolweni noma okusanhlamvu. Isibongo sithandwa kakhulu eMpumalanga Yurophu, esivame ukutholakala eRussia.
- IVainbaum - isihlahla sewayini. Abathwali bokuqala ngamaJuda odabuka eJalimane.
- IHassenbaum - isihlahla somgwaqo noma isitshalo sangaphandle. Umsuka - wase-Austrian.
- UDahinger - waqala ukubiza amaJuda azalwe futhi ahlala edolobheni laseJalimane iDahingen.
- I-Diament yedayimane - idayimane elimsulwa. Inani elikhulu kakhulu labathwali bamaJuda bahlala e-United States of America.
- I-Evruhiem - ehunyushwe ngokwezwi nezwi ukusuka esiHeberu, kusho umusa noma umusa.
- I-Kershtein - i-cherry kernel (ithambo).
- I-Korenfeld - ihunyushwe njengensimu embozwe ukolweni.
- I-Lamberg - izimvu eziphakeme noma izimvu ezisezintabeni. Ezikhathini zasendulo igama elinjalo lalijwayele ukunikezwa abelusi.
- UMandelshtan - isiqu esihle somuthi we-alimondi.
- UNeumann yindoda entsha, entsha noma isizukulwane esisha.
- Ofman - umthengisi wenkukhu, umfuyi wenkukhu.
- I-Oytenberg yintaba ebomvu ebomvu.
- IPappenheim yisibongo ngemvelaphi yendawo. Ngokokuqala ngqa baqala ukubiza amaJuda ahlala esifundazweni saseJalimane ngegama elifanayo.
- I-Rosenstein - intaba ebomvu noma itshe. Ngokokuqala ngqa, igama lomndeni belingabelwa umqokeleli wezitini noma umthengisi wamagugu onolwazi.
- USimelson - indodana yendoda okwakuthiwa nguShem, noma intombazane egama linguSikh.
- UTevelson uyindodana kaDavid. Thola Tevel kusho igama.
- USchwartzman - umuntu omnyama. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yomlando, ingxenye yabantu bamaJuda ibonakala ngesikhumba esinombala okweqile.
Isexwayiso! Bambalwa abantu abazi izinzuzo zesibongo samaJuda. Noma isithunywa sakhe singasekho esizukulwaneni sokuqala esihlala endaweni yesinye isifundazwe, usenalo ilungelo lokuthola ubuzwe.
Uhlu lwezibongo zesilisa ngesitayela saseRussia
Cishe ama-1 million amaJuda ahlala eRussia namuhla. Emazweni angomakhelwane abakhuluma isiRashiya, izikhathi ezintathu ngaphezulu. Laba bantu ababonakalanga lapha izolo, kodwa baphila amakhulu eminyaka, bethembekile ezinkolelweni zabo nasemasikweni abo. Akuwona wonke umuntu okwazile ukuhlangana futhi kwa-Israyeli obuyiselwe. Kungakho amagama ngezindlela zaseRussia engaphezulu kakhulu kunamanye. Indima ekhethekile kuguquko yenzeke ngenkathi yobukhomanisi nezikhathi zeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, lapho amaJuda eshushiswa ngazo zonke izindlela futhi ephula amalungelo awo. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, iningi lamagama akhona athola ukuguqulwa komzimba.
Izinhlu zezibongo zamaJuda ngezindlela zaseRussia - ngezansi ngokulandelana kwama-alfabhethi.
- Aaronov, Ashmanov, Aliyev, Akivovich, Alzutsky, Akentsov.
- UBaazov, uBerkovich, uBrainin, uBilyarchik, uBudashev.
- UVorotsevitsky, uVitkunsky, uVaynarsky, uVortmanov.
- UGilkin, uGolansky, uGoldbaev, uGershenov, uGersonov.
- UDainov, uDushinsky, uDynkin, uDomeratsky, uDubanov.
- Yerzakov, Yevseyev, Yeremeyev, Yegudin.
- UZhagorsky, uZhinderov, uZhutinsky, uZhidkov, uZhingerov.
- UZaytsman, Zvansky, Zelensky, Zubarevsky, Zonenov.
- U-Ivkin, u-Ivleev, u-Ishanin, u-Iosifov, u-Iokhimovich, u-Istshakov.
- UKatsmazovsky, Karamaev, Kats, Kupetman, Krushevsky, Krasnovich.
- Libin, Lipsky, Lastovitsky, Lakhmanov, Ladovich, Labensky, Ladorzhev.
- Malik, Manasievich, Manakhimov, Molbertov, Mendelevich, Musnitsky, Mushinsky.
- UNitishinsky, Nakhutin, uNowa, uNeumanov, uNikitinsky, uNussinov.
- U-Obrov, u-Orange, u-Oblegorsky, u-Ostrogorsky, u-Ovcharov.
- Paleev, Pantyukhovsky, Pevzner, Pashkovetsky, Pushik, Pultorak.
- URabayev, uRakuzin, uRabinovich, uRachkovsky, uRosalinsky.
- Saevich, Saulov, Sobolevsky, Spitkovsky, Sovinkov, Skaraev, Sukhmanov.
- UThabansky, Talsky, Tumalinsky, Traimanov, Talachinsky.
- Ugrinovsky, Udmanov, Usvyatsky, Urbov, Usanov.
- UFabianov, uFaybyshev, uFateev, uFleischer, uFosin, uFrismanov.
- Khabensky, Khaetovsky, Havermans, Khautin, Khodikov, Khrisky.
- Tsaveler, Tsukermanov, Zuler, Tsapov, Tsiporkin, Tsipermanov, Tsakhnovsky.
- Chemeris, Chernyakhovsky, Cherneev, Chikinsky, Chikhmanov, Chopovetsky.
- Shevinsky, Shvetsov, Shimanov, Steinin, Shmorhun, Shpileyev, Shulyakhin, Shushkovsky.
- USherbovitsky, uShchedrin, uSchirin.
- U-Abramov, u-Edelmanov, u-Elkin, u-Esterikin, no-Efroimovich.
- Yudakov, Yudin, Yurgelyansky, Yuzhelevsky, Yushkevich.
- Yablonsky, Yagutkin, Yakubovich, Yarmitsky, Yakhnovich, Yastersonov.
Izibongo eziningi ziye zafana kakhulu nezaseRussia ngenkathi zihunyushwa zangena ebufakazini. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi soshushiso, amaJuda afihla ubulungu bawo babantu bakwa-Israyeli egameni lokusindisa izimpilo zabo.
Izinketho ezithandwa kakhulu futhi ezivame kakhulu
Kunamanye amagama angenakuhlukaniswa ngomsindo wawo. Ezinye zazo zivame kakhulu ku-CIS, yize zibhekwa njengezingajwayelekile kwa-Israyeli.
Yimaphi amagama amaJuda adume kakhulu futhi athandwayo - uhlu olungezansi.
- URabinovich - isibongo esaduma ngokukhethwa kwamahlaya ngamaJuda ashicilelwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20;
- UGoldman - eMoscow kuphela ongathola imindeni engaba yishumi nanhlanu enegama lesibongo okungezona izibopho zomndeni;
- IBergman - ayithandeki kangako, kepha ivame kakhulu ePoland, eJalimane naseBulgaria;
- I-Katzman noma i-Katz yisibongo samaJuda esivame emazweni ase-post-Soviet.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: igama elithi Abramov libhekwa ngephutha njengakwa-Israyeli. ERussia igama elithi Abrama liphinde lasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, elaphinde lasetshenziselwa ukwabiwa kwemindeni kanye nefa.
Izibongo ezingavamile zamaJuda
Kumafolda uzothola izinkulungwane zezinketho ezithandwa kakhulu noma kancane, kuya ngesifunda. Kepha kukhona lezo ezingavamile kakhulu.
Izibongo ezikhethekile zamaJuda abaningi abangakaze bezwe nangazo:
- Mintz;
- UMaryamin;
- IYushprah;
- UMose;
- UDekmaher;
- Harishman;
- Khashan;
- Nehama;
- Isithambisi;
- Karfunkel.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, abantu bakwa-Israyeli bevezwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlekelele, ngakho-ke izibongo eziningi zihlala ziyisikhumbuzo nje kulondolozo. Lokhu okungenhla kuphela lezo zinketho abathwali bazo abasaphila.
Abanikazi abadumile bezibongo zamaJuda
Amadoda avelele esayensi nobuciko imvamisa angamaJuda. Lesi simo kulula ukuchaza izici zengqondo nezemfundo. Abantu abaningi besikhathi esidumile banokuzibandakanya nabantu bakwa-Israyeli, yize behlala bekufihla lokhu.
Abantu abakhulu abafake izibongo zamaJuda bavuliwe.
- U-Albert Einstein ungusosayensi omkhulu kunabo bonke isayensi yanamuhla ekhona. Ukutholwa kukasosayensi kwaletha intuthuko ezindaweni eziningi.
- UKarl Marx - umholi odumile wobukhomanisi nombhali wezabasebenzi kongxiwankulu. Okhokho bakhe babengorabi abangamaJuda eJalimane izizukulwane ngezizukulwane futhi umama wakhe wayenethemba lokuthi uKarl naye uzoqhubeka nebhizinisi lomndeni.
- UFranz Kafka ungumbhali ozwelayo futhi onethalente elimangalisayo, ogama lakhe lisahlonishwa namanje ngabathandi bobuciko bemibhalo.
Abamele abaningi bezobuciko besikhathi samanje - abaculi, abaculi, abalingisi, osomahlaya - nabo banezimpande zamaJuda futhi banezibongo ezifanayo. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ukuba khona kwamathalente ahlukile nezimfanelo ezenza ukuthi ziveze nakho nakho kuyizakhi zofuzo. Kepha leli qiniso alikafakazelwa futhi libhekwa njenge-hypothesis.
Izibongo zamaJuda ziyahluka futhi zinhle, yize umsindo wehluke kakhulu ezindlebeni ezijwayelekile zasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, ngayinye yazo inomlando wayo ohlukile, ogxilile endulo.
Okuqukethwe
- Ukuhlaziywa kwemvelaphi nokubaluleka kwezibongo zamaJuda
- Izibongo ezinhle zamaJuda zamantombazane
- Uhlu lwezibongo zesilisa ngesitayela saseRussia
- Izinketho ezithandwa kakhulu futhi ezivame kakhulu
- Izibongo ezingavamile zamaJuda
- Abanikazi abadumile bezibongo zamaJuda
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